Paulo Filgueiras

World News

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Afghan Peace Process Should Have a Holistic Approach

The United States seems to be inclined, or even desperate, to close a deal with the Taliban. The US Special Envoy for Afghanistan, Zalmay Khalilzad, has already held extensive six days talks with the Taliban in Doha last month. Americans are hopeful that talks with the Taliban will take the ‘peace process’ forward and eventually end the civil war in Afghanistan and the longest war in US history. But these moves were taken in a rush on the Afghan chessboard the United States wants to end its engagement and leave the country sooner rather than later. But it is difficult to not be skeptical about the prospects of this somewhat half-baked ‘peace process’ which is about to be sold to Afghans.

It seems that history is repeating itself. The international community is once again abandoning war-ravaged Afghanistan at a very crucial point just as it did three decades ago following Soviet withdrawal from the country. That created a security vacuum and eventually led to the fall of the national government which turned Afghanistan into a citadel of transnational terrorism and provided sanctuary to different kinds of Jihadist groups.

Definitely, Taliban leaders sitting down with US officials and separately with Afghan politicians is an important political development. But the US, eager to negotiate with the Taliban, and pack its bags to leave for home, has to understand that only talking to the Taliban won’t serve many purposes. To succeed in the long term, the Afghan peace process has to be comprehensive and one which includes the participation of Afghans from all walks of life including political parties, civil society, the central government, and tribal chiefs.

The major flaw in the current peace process is that it should have been preceded by the domestic consensus between various stakeholders. Without an internal consensus, it would be difficult to prevent a new civil war after foreign troops leave the country. Afghan society is a complex one including many ethnicities of which the major ones are Pashtun, Tajik, Hazaras and Uzbek and numerous minor groups like Ismailis, Qizilbash, Farsiwan, Aimaqs, Baluchis, Brahui, and Nuristanis. Any foreign imported peace arrangement which was agreed to between a foreign power and one group in a capital of an Arab state won’t harmonize intra-Afghan relations which is a must for reaching any long-lasting peace and stability.

The peace process should also aim to achieve peace with the armed actors in the country and long-term reconciliation among the country’s many diverse groups. Proposals for a negotiated political settlement to the conflict should take into account interests of all sections of the Afghan population and include the active participation of all ethnic groups and the main religious minorities, and provide for their appropriate representation in any future power-sharing arrangement. Rather than focus solely on one armed group, we should remember that Afghanistan is a country of 31 million people and many thousand fighters.

Moreover, the peace process in the war-ravaged countries can’t be rushed it’s a long process which requires patience and due diligence as the British negotiated with the IRA for two decades before there was a peace deal in Northern Ireland. It should not be assumed by foreign powers that Afghans themselves are incapable of launching any successful reconciliation process. Afghanistan has a long tradition of using the forum of large gatherings, historically intra-tribal meetings, to discuss important and current issues and to reach agreement and consensus. So, Afghans are capable enough to talk with their fellow countrymen it was demonstrated in 2016 when President Ghani successfully presented the peace agreement with Gulbuddin Hekmatyar’s party, the Hezb-e Islami. The peace deal resulted in Mr. Hekmatyar’s return from a 20 years long self-imposed exile and converted Hezb-e-Islami from an armed group to a political actor.

Moreover, external actors bypassing elected bodies in the country and directly engaging with the armed groups significantly damages Afghanistan’s political institutions which need to be strengthened. For this, the US and important regional players should ensure that any peace process should be initiated from the democratically elected government of Afghanistan. Hence a new peace process must be launched immediately which should be open and transparent and one which encourages the involvement and ownership of all Afghan stakeholders. This is the only way that overwhelming public support for a negotiated settlement can be capitalized on. The international community has an extremely important role to play in this respect. Not only is it imperative for donor countries to voice their continued financial support for both the country’s development and military assistance to the Afghan armed forces, but all countries with an interest in a peaceful and stable Afghanistan need to demonstrate their unwavering, yet critical, support for a negotiated peace process.